15:1–19 After Abraham’s expression of faith in God’s reward (14:22, 23), God certified His promise of offspring (vv. 1–6) and land (12:7 and note) by making a covenant (Neh. 9:8). The two night scenes (vv. 5, 17) parallel each other: the Lord promises a reward (vv. 1, 7); Abraham questions the sovereign Lord about the inheritance (vv. 2–3, 8); and the Lord responds with a visual act (vv. 4–5, 9–21). Abraham’s faith was accounted to him as righteousness (v. 6).